Free TEAS 7 Practice Test
Get ready for the 2026 TEAS 7 exam by testing your skills with our free practice test.
100 Questions
120 Minutes
Multiple Choice
About Our TEAS 7 Practice Test
This TEAS 7 practice test checks your understanding of the core subjects covered on the exam, including reading, math, science, and English and language usage. It is designed to help you strengthen accuracy, improve time management, and apply essential academic skills in realistic testing scenarios.
Each question reflects common topics and question styles you may encounter on the actual ATI TEAS 7 exam in 2026, giving you the chance to assess your readiness and identify areas that may need more review before test day. All our questions and rationales have been reviewed by an experienced registered nurse (RN).
Full Question Bank & Rationales
Below, you will find the complete list of 100 questions from our TEAS 7 practice test. We have included a detailed rationale for every question to help you understand the why behind the correct answer.
These questions are listed in the same order as our interactive practice test and are grouped by exam category.
Some questions are marked as Challenging. These questions are designed to be a bit harder than the rest and usually include more detailed scenarios. Use them to build confidence with tougher exam-style questions and to pinpoint which skills or concepts to revisit before test day.
Note: The answer and rationale are hidden by default. Click “Show Answer & Rationale” after you answer the question to see if you got it right.
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Reading
1. Question
Context
A community health clinic tracked the number of daily walk-in patients seeking flu vaccinations over a five-day period:
Monday: 45 patients
Tuesday: 30 patients
Wednesday: 30 patients
Thursday: 55 patients
Friday: 60 patients
Based strictly on the data provided, which of the following statements is true?
- The clinic saw the fewest number of patients on Monday.
- More patients sought vaccinations on Friday than on Monday and Tuesday combined.
- The number of patients steadily increased every single day of the week.
- The total number of patients seen on Wednesday and Thursday equals 85.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
Adding Wednesday’s patients (30) and Thursday’s patients (55) equals exactly 85. Choice B is incorrect because Friday (60) is not greater than Monday and Tuesday combined (75). Choice C is incorrect because the number dipped from Monday to Tuesday and stayed flat into Wednesday.
2. Question
Context
MEMORANDUM
To: All Ward Staff
From: Clinical Director
Date: October 14
Subject: Defective IV Pumps
It has come to our attention that several of the newly issued Alpha-Flow IV pumps display an intermittent “low battery” error code (E-04) even when fully charged. This is the most frustrating issue our clinical team has faced this quarter. Effective immediately, if you encounter an E-04 error, you must first unplug the device from the wall outlet. Next, tag it with a red “Out of Service” label. Finally, notify the biomedical engineering department via the internal portal. Do not attempt to reset the pump manually or swap the battery yourself. A replacement shipment of updated pumps is expected next Monday.
According to the memo, what is the very first action a staff member should take when encountering an E-04 error?
- Notify the biomedical engineering department
- Tag the device with an “Out of Service” label
- Unplug the device from the wall outlet
- Attempt to manually reset the pump
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The passage explicitly states that the sequence of actions is: “first unplug the device… Next, tag it… Finally, notify…” Choice B might tempt a student who skims the steps out of order, but “unplug” is clearly identified as the first step.
3. Question
Context
The emergency room was a cacophony of ringing alarms, rushed footsteps, and overlapping voices. Despite the intense chaos of her twelve-hour shift, Nurse Avery paused at the bedside of an elderly patient who had no family present. She gently held his hand, speaking in a soft, steady voice until his breathing finally slowed and he drifted off to sleep. Outside the room, the frenetic pace of the hospital continued uninterrupted.
Which of the following best describes the theme of the passage?
- Modern hospitals are too noisy for patients to properly recover.
- Moments of deep compassion can persist even in chaotic environments.
- Nurses are routinely overworked by twelve-hour shifts in the ER.
- Elderly patients require more medical supervision than younger patients.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The contrast between the chaotic emergency room and the nurse’s quiet, caring action highlights the theme that human compassion endures regardless of the surrounding turmoil. Choice C is an observation about nursing shifts but does not capture the emotional or narrative core (theme) of the text.
4. Question (Challenging)
Context
The history of aspirin traces back thousands of years. Ancient Sumerian and Egyptian texts reveal that healers used the bark of the willow tree to alleviate pain and reduce fevers. The active ingredient in willow bark, salicylic acid, was finally isolated by chemists in the 19th century. However, pure salicylic acid was notoriously harsh on the stomach lining, often causing severe gastric distress and internal bleeding. In 1897, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid, a modified version of the chemical. This new compound retained the powerful pain-relieving properties of the original extract but was much gentler on the digestive system. This breakthrough led to the mass commercial production of aspirin. Today, aspirin remains one of the most widely used medications globally.
Which of the following conclusions can be reasonably drawn from the information provided in the passage?
- The ancient Sumerians likely experienced stomach discomfort when consuming large amounts of willow bark.
- Felix Hoffmann was the first person to discover that willow bark could be used to reduce fevers.
- Acetylsalicylic acid is the only pain-relieving medication that does not cause gastric distress.
- Chemists in the 19th century lacked the technology to isolate chemicals from natural plants.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
The passage states that the active ingredient in willow bark (salicylic acid) causes severe gastric distress. It is a logical conclusion that ancient people who consumed the bark would have experienced some degree of this side effect. Choice B is contradicted by the passage, which attributes the initial discovery to ancient civilizations.
5. Question
Read the following passage and answer the question.
Context
Sleep is often mischaracterized as a passive state of physical rest. However, neurological studies reveal that the brain is highly active during sleep, engaging in a critical process known as memory consolidation. During rapid eye movement (REM) and deep slow-wave sleep stages, the brain filters through daily experiences, discarding trivial details while solidifying essential information into long-term memory networks. Without adequate sleep, the neural pathways necessary for learning and memory retention become impaired. Consequently, individuals suffering from chronic sleep deprivation often experience cognitive deficits, including decreased focus and poor problem-solving abilities. For students and healthcare professionals alike, sacrificing sleep to maximize study or shift hours is ultimately counterproductive to long-term performance.
Based on its use in the passage, which of the following is the best definition for the word “consolidation”?
- The act of merging or strengthening
- The process of resting completely
- The elimination of unnecessary information
- The physical recovery of muscle tissue
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
In the context of the passage, “consolidation” refers to the brain “solidifying essential information into long-term memory networks.” Choice C is incorrect because while the brain does eliminate trivial details, the term “consolidation” specifically refers to the strengthening and saving of important information.
6. Question
Context
INDEX
Erythrocytes, 30-34
Hemoglobin, 32-33
Leukocytes, 35-40
Plasma composition, 25-29
Platelets and Coagulation, 51-55
Vascular pathways, 45-50
A nursing student needs to research the role of white blood cells in immune defense. Based on this index, which page range should the student consult first?
- 25-29
- 30-34
- 35-40
- 51-55
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
White blood cells are medically known as leukocytes. The index directs readers to pages 35-40 for information on leukocytes. Choice B is incorrect because erythrocytes are red blood cells, which is a common point of confusion for students.
7. Question
Context
The history of aspirin dates back thousands of years. Ancient Sumerian and Egyptian texts reveal that healers used the bark of the willow tree to alleviate pain and reduce fevers. The active ingredient in willow bark, salicylic acid, was finally isolated by chemists in the 19th century. However, pure salicylic acid was notoriously harsh on the stomach lining, often causing severe gastric distress and internal bleeding. In 1897, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid, a modified version of the chemical. This new compound retained the powerful pain-relieving properties of the original extract but was much gentler on the digestive system. This breakthrough led to the mass commercial production of aspirin. Today, aspirin remains one of the most widely used medications globally.
Why did chemists feel the need to modify pure salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid?
- Pure salicylic acid was difficult to extract from the willow bark.
- Pure salicylic acid caused severe irritation to the stomach.
- Pure salicylic acid was not effective at reducing high fevers.
- Pure salicylic acid was too expensive for mass commercial production.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The text explicitly states that pure salicylic acid was “notoriously harsh on the stomach lining, often causing severe gastric distress,” prompting the synthesis of a gentler version. Choice D is incorrect because, while mass production is mentioned later in the text, cost is never stated as the reason for the chemical modification.
8. Question (Challenging)
Context
COUGH SUPPRESSANT SYRUP
Directions for use:
Adults and children 12 years and over: Take 10 mL every 4 hours as needed.
Children 6 to under 12 years: Take 5 mL every 6 hours as needed.
Warnings: Do not exceed 4 doses in any 24-hour period. Not for use in children under 6 years of age.
A 10-year-old child takes their first dose of this medication at 8:00 AM on Tuesday. Assuming the child takes the maximum allowed amount, what is the total volume of medication they will have consumed by 8:00 AM on Wednesday?
- 20 mL
- 30 mL
- 40 mL
- 60 mL
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
A 10-year-old falls into the “Children 6 to under 12” category, with a directed dose of 5 mL. The maximum number of doses permitted in 24 hours is 4. Therefore, 4 doses multiplied by 5 mL equals a total maximum volume of 20 mL. Choice C is a strong distractor for a student who misreads the age bracket and uses the adult dose (10 mL x 4 = 40 mL).
9. Question
Context
The implementation of telehealth services has significantly expanded access to medical care, particularly for individuals residing in rural or remote regions. By utilizing video conferencing tools, patients can consult with specialists located hundreds of miles away, bypassing the traditional hurdles of long travel times. Despite these profound benefits, widespread adoption is not without obstacles. A significant digital divide persists, as many rural areas lack the high-speed broadband internet required for uninterrupted video consultations. Furthermore, elderly patients often struggle to navigate complex digital platforms, potentially exacerbating healthcare inequities. To truly maximize the efficacy of telehealth, policymakers must prioritize broadband infrastructure expansion, and developers must prioritize intuitive, user-friendly software interfaces.
According to the author, how might telehealth inadvertently worsen healthcare inequities?
- By replacing face-to-face specialist consultations entirely
- By being inaccessible to older patients who struggle with complex technology
- By increasing the cost of high-speed broadband in rural communities
- By forcing patients to travel longer distances for physical exams
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The passage explicitly states that “elderly patients often struggle to navigate complex digital platforms, potentially exacerbating healthcare inequities.” Choice A is a plausible distractor, but the passage never suggests that telehealth will entirely replace physical consultations.
10. Question
Context
Sleep is often mischaracterized as a passive state of physical rest. However, neurological studies reveal that the brain is highly active during sleep, engaging in a critical process known as memory consolidation. During rapid eye movement (REM) and deep slow-wave sleep stages, the brain filters through daily experiences, discarding trivial details while solidifying essential information into long-term memory networks. Without adequate sleep, the neural pathways necessary for learning and memory retention become impaired. Consequently, individuals suffering from chronic sleep deprivation often experience cognitive deficits, including decreased focus and poor problem-solving abilities. For students and healthcare professionals alike, sacrificing sleep to maximize study or shift hours is ultimately counterproductive to long-term performance.
Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
- The brain filters out trivial details during REM sleep to prepare for the next day’s activities.
- Sleep deprivation is the leading cause of cognitive deficits in students and healthcare professionals.
- Sleep is an active, essential neurological process that facilitates learning and memory consolidation.
- People who sacrifice sleep to work longer hours will eventually suffer from compromised immune systems.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
This choice accurately captures the overarching theme of the passage, which is that sleep is an active process vital for cognitive functions like memory and learning. Choice A is a supporting detail rather than the main idea, making it an attractive but incorrect distractor.
11. Question
Context
The city council’s short-sighted decision to slash funding for the community health clinic will undoubtedly lead to a severe public health crisis. By prioritizing unnecessary corporate tax cuts over essential medical services, our local politicians have shown a blatant disregard for the most vulnerable citizens in our community.
Which of the following phrases from the passage most clearly indicates the author’s bias?
- “decision to slash funding for the community health clinic”
- “blatant disregard for the most vulnerable citizens”
- “corporate tax cuts”
- “essential medical services”
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The phrase “blatant disregard for the most vulnerable citizens” uses highly emotionally charged, subjective language that reveals the author’s strong negative feelings (bias) against the politicians. Choices A and C describe the actions taken, which, while framed negatively in context, are less inherently subjective than accusing someone of “blatant disregard.”
12. Question
Context
MEMORANDUM
To: All Ward Staff
From: Clinical Director
Date: October 14
Subject: Defective IV Pumps
It has come to our attention that several of the newly issued Alpha-Flow IV pumps display an intermittent “low battery” error code (E-04) even when fully charged. This is the most frustrating issue our clinical team has faced this quarter. Effective immediately, if you encounter an E-04 error, you must first unplug the device from the wall outlet. Next, tag it with a red “Out of Service” label. Finally, notify the biomedical engineering department via the internal portal. Do not attempt to reset the pump manually or swap the battery yourself. A replacement shipment of updated pumps is expected next Monday.
Based on the memo, what is expected to happen on the following Monday?
- The biomedical department will fix the E-04 errors.
- Staff will receive training on how to swap the batteries.
- A shipment of replacement IV pumps will arrive.
- The clinical team will vote on the most frustrating issues.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The memo’s final sentence states, “A replacement shipment of updated pumps is expected next Monday.” Choice A is a plausible distractor because biomedical engineering is mentioned, but the text specifically links Monday to a replacement shipment.
13. Question
Context
To properly sanitize surgical instruments:
1. Rinse visibly soiled instruments in cool water immediately after use.
2. Submerge the instruments in an enzymatic detergent solution for 10 minutes.
3. Scrub hinges and crevices with a soft-bristled brush.
4. Rinse thoroughly with distilled water.
5. Place in an autoclave at 121°C for 30 minutes.
Note: Hot water must never be used during the initial rinse, as it will cause biological proteins to coagulate, effectively trapping bacteria on the instrument’s surface.
What is the primary reason for using cool water instead of hot water in Step 1?
- Hot water will damage the soft-bristled brush used in Step 3.
- Cool water is required to activate the enzymatic detergent in Step 2.
- Hot water causes proteins to harden, making bacteria difficult to remove.
- Cool water prevents the instruments from melting before they reach the autoclave.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The note explicitly states that hot water “will cause biological proteins to coagulate, effectively trapping bacteria.” Coagulate in this context means to harden or solidify. Choice B is incorrect because the text does not state that cool water activates the detergent.
14. Question
Context
The history of aspirin traces back thousands of years. Ancient Sumerian and Egyptian texts reveal that healers used the bark of the willow tree to alleviate pain and reduce fevers. The active ingredient in willow bark, salicylic acid, was finally isolated by chemists in the 19th century. However, pure salicylic acid was notoriously harsh on the stomach lining, often causing severe gastric distress and internal bleeding. In 1897, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid, a modified version of the chemical. This new compound retained the powerful pain-relieving properties of the original extract but was much gentler on the digestive system. This breakthrough led to the mass commercial production of aspirin. Today, aspirin remains one of the most widely used medications globally.
Based on the context of the passage, the word “alleviate” most likely means:
- to accurately diagnose
- to permanently cure
- to make less severe
- to artificially create
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The text notes that willow bark was used to “alleviate pain and reduce fevers.” In this medical context, alongside “reduce,” the word means to soothe or make less severe. Choice B is incorrect because pain management does not inherently mean permanently curing the underlying condition.
15. Question
Context
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: History of Modern Nursing ….. 4
Chapter 2: Medical Terminology Basics ….. 28
Chapter 3: Infection Control and Asepsis ….. 55
Chapter 4: Patient Assessment Protocols ….. 82
Chapter 5: Legal and Ethical Standards ….. 110
A student needs to review the correct procedure for putting on sterile gloves and a gown before entering an isolation room. Which chapter is most likely to contain this information?
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Putting on sterile gloves and gowns (Personal Protective Equipment) is a core component of “Infection Control and Asepsis,” making Chapter 3 the correct choice. Chapter 4 (Choice C) would focus on examining and evaluating the patient’s physical condition, not the protocols for maintaining a sterile environment.
16. Question
Read the following passage and answer the question.
Context
Sleep is often mischaracterized as a passive state of physical rest. However, neurological studies reveal that the brain is highly active during sleep, engaging in a critical process known as memory consolidation. During rapid eye movement (REM) and deep slow-wave sleep stages, the brain filters through daily experiences, discarding trivial details while solidifying essential information into long-term memory networks. Without adequate sleep, the neural pathways necessary for learning and memory retention become impaired. Consequently, individuals suffering from chronic sleep deprivation often experience cognitive deficits, including decreased focus and poor problem-solving abilities. For students and healthcare professionals alike, sacrificing sleep to maximize study or shift hours is ultimately counterproductive to long-term performance.
What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this passage?
- To persuade hospitals to shorten the length of nursing shifts
- To describe the different stages of sleep, including REM and slow-wave
- To entertain the reader with fascinating facts about brain neurology
- To inform the reader about the active role sleep plays in cognitive function
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
The author’s primary intent is to share factual information about how sleep actively supports memory and learning. While the passage mentions shift hours (Choice A) and sleep stages (Choice B), these are supporting points that inform the reader of the overarching topic, not the primary purpose.
17. Question (Challenging)
Context
Since the county hospital replaced the fluorescent lighting in its main hallways with warm LED lighting, the facility’s quarterly patient satisfaction scores have increased by 15%. A hospital administrator released a statement declaring, “The new lighting has directly caused our patients to feel more confident in the quality of their medical care.”
Which of the following identifies the primary logical flaw in the administrator’s statement?
- The administrator fails to provide the exact cost of the new LED lighting.
- The administrator assumes that a correlation between two events proves causation.
- The administrator does not specify which departments received the new lighting.
- The administrator relies on outdated patient satisfaction data.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The argument exhibits the “correlation does not imply causation” fallacy. Just because patient scores rose after the lighting was changed does not definitively prove the lighting caused the increase; other factors (e.g., new staff, better food) might be responsible. Choice A is irrelevant to the logic of why satisfaction improved.
18. Question
Context
The implementation of telehealth services has significantly expanded access to medical care, particularly for individuals residing in rural or remote regions. By utilizing video conferencing tools, patients can consult with specialists located hundreds of miles away, bypassing the traditional hurdles of long travel times. Despite these profound benefits, widespread adoption is not without obstacles. A significant digital divide persists, as many rural areas lack the high-speed broadband internet required for uninterrupted video consultations. Furthermore, elderly patients often struggle to navigate complex digital platforms, potentially exacerbating healthcare inequities. To truly maximize the efficacy of telehealth, policymakers must prioritize broadband infrastructure expansion, and developers must prioritize intuitive, user-friendly software interfaces.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
- Telehealth is primarily beneficial because it saves patients money on travel and transportation costs.
- Elderly patients are unable to use telehealth platforms due to complex and confusing software designs.
- While telehealth offers greater healthcare access, technological and infrastructural barriers must be addressed to maximize its success.
- High-speed broadband internet is the most critical factor in providing adequate healthcare to rural communities.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
This choice captures both halves of the passage: the positive expansion of access (the benefits) and the ongoing challenges (digital divide, software complexity) that require solutions. Choice D is an overstatement and focuses too narrowly on just one of the barriers mentioned, ignoring the issue of software usability.
19. Question
A student is writing a research paper on the living conditions of nurses serving in field hospitals during World War I. Which of the following would be considered a primary source of information?
- A modern textbook chapter detailing medical advancements in the early 20th century
- A diary written by a Red Cross nurse stationed in France in 1917
- A documentary film released in 2020 about the history of military nursing
- A peer-reviewed journal article analyzing the mortality rates of soldiers in WWI
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
A primary source is a firsthand account or original document from the time period being studied. The diary was written by someone who directly experienced the event. Choices A, C, and D are secondary sources because they analyze, interpret, or summarize events after the fact.
20. Question
Context
MEMORANDUM
To: All Ward Staff
From: Clinical Director
Date: October 14
Subject: Defective IV Pumps
It has come to our attention that several of the newly issued Alpha-Flow IV pumps display an intermittent “low battery” error code (E-04) even when fully charged. This is the most frustrating issue our clinical team has faced this quarter. Effective immediately, if you encounter an E-04 error, you must first unplug the device from the wall outlet. Next, tag it with a red “Out of Service” label. Finally, notify the biomedical engineering department via the internal portal. Do not attempt to reset the pump manually or swap the battery yourself. A replacement shipment of updated pumps is expected next Monday.
Which of the following sentences from the passage represents an opinion rather than a fact?
- “A replacement shipment of updated pumps is expected next Monday.”
- “This is the most frustrating issue our clinical team has faced this quarter.”
- “Do not attempt to reset the pump manually or swap the battery yourself.”
- “Effective immediately, if you encounter an E-04 error, you must first unplug the device…”
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The statement regarding the issue being “the most frustrating” is subjective and reflects the feelings of the writer or team, making it an opinion. Choices A, C, and D are statements of verifiable fact, procedure, or direct instruction.
21. Question (Challenging)
Context
The implementation of telehealth services has significantly expanded access to medical care, particularly for individuals residing in rural or remote regions. By utilizing video conferencing tools, patients can consult with specialists located hundreds of miles away, bypassing the traditional hurdles of long travel times. Despite these profound benefits, widespread adoption is not without obstacles. A significant digital divide persists, as many rural areas lack the high-speed broadband internet required for uninterrupted video consultations. Furthermore, elderly patients often struggle to navigate complex digital platforms, potentially exacerbating healthcare inequities. To truly maximize the efficacy of telehealth, policymakers must prioritize broadband infrastructure expansion, and developers must prioritize intuitive, user-friendly software interfaces.
Based on the author’s arguments, which of the following is the most logical consequence if policymakers fail to expand broadband infrastructure?
- Software developers will stop creating new telehealth applications.
- Elderly patients will experience a sudden improvement in digital literacy.
- Patients in remote areas will continue to face barriers in accessing specialist care.
- Hospitals will completely abandon telehealth programs and return to traditional models.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The author argues that broadband is necessary to overcome the geographic barriers for rural patients. If it is not expanded, the logical consequence is that the problem (lack of access in remote areas) will persist. Choice D is an extreme assumption not supported by the text.
22. Question
Read the following passage and answer the question.
Context
Sleep is often mischaracterized as a passive state of physical rest. However, neurological studies reveal that the brain is highly active during sleep, engaging in a critical process known as memory consolidation. During rapid eye movement (REM) and deep slow-wave sleep stages, the brain filters through daily experiences, discarding trivial details while solidifying essential information into long-term memory networks. Without adequate sleep, the neural pathways necessary for learning and memory retention become impaired. Consequently, individuals suffering from chronic sleep deprivation often experience cognitive deficits, including decreased focus and poor problem-solving abilities. For students and healthcare professionals alike, sacrificing sleep to maximize study or shift hours is ultimately counterproductive to long-term performance.
Which of the following inferences can be logically drawn from the passage?
- People who experience poor problem-solving abilities are definitely suffering from sleep deprivation.
- A nursing student who stays up all night cramming for an exam may struggle to recall the material the next day.
- Slow-wave sleep is more important for physical recovery than it is for memory consolidation.
- Healthcare professionals require more hours of REM sleep than individuals in other professions.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The passage states that sleep is necessary for memory consolidation and that sacrificing sleep to study is counterproductive, leading to the logical inference that an all-night cram session will harm recall. Choice A is a logical fallacy (affirming the consequent); while sleep deprivation causes poor problem-solving, other factors could also cause it.
23. Question
Context
The history of aspirin traces back thousands of years. Ancient Sumerian and Egyptian texts reveal that healers used the bark of the willow tree to alleviate pain and reduce fevers. The active ingredient in willow bark, salicylic acid, was finally isolated by chemists in the 19th century. However, pure salicylic acid was notoriously harsh on the stomach lining, often causing severe gastric distress and internal bleeding. In 1897, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid, a modified version of the chemical. This new compound retained the powerful pain-relieving properties of the original extract but was much gentler on the digestive system. This breakthrough led to the mass commercial production of aspirin. Today, aspirin remains one of the most widely used medications globally.
Which of the following best describes the overall text structure of the passage?
- Compare and contrast
- Chronological order
- Persuasive argument
- Problem and solution
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The passage follows a timeline, starting with “thousands of years” ago (Sumerians/Egyptians), moving to the “19th century,” then to “1897,” and finally concluding with “Today.” While there is a minor problem/solution element (stomach distress), the overarching structure framing the entire passage is chronological history.
24. Question (Challenging)
Context
To properly sanitize surgical instruments:
1. Rinse visibly soiled instruments in cool water immediately after use.
2. Submerge the instruments in an enzymatic detergent solution for 10 minutes.
3. Scrub hinges and crevices with a soft-bristled brush.
4. Rinse thoroughly with distilled water.
5. Place in an autoclave at 121°C for 30 minutes.
Note: Hot water must never be used during the initial rinse, as it will cause biological proteins to coagulate, effectively trapping bacteria on the instrument’s surface.
If a technician has just finished scrubbing the instrument’s hinges, what must they do before placing the instrument in the autoclave?
- Submerge it in an enzymatic detergent
- Rinse it thoroughly with distilled water
- Rinse it thoroughly in cool water
- Wait for the biological proteins to coagulate
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The instructions state that after scrubbing (Step 3), the next step is to “Rinse thoroughly with distilled water” (Step 4) before placing it in the autoclave (Step 5). Choice C is incorrect because cool water is used in Step 1, not Step 4.
25. Question
A nursing student encounters the term “homeostasis” in an anatomy textbook and wants to find its etymology (word origin) and its part of speech. Which of the following reference materials is best suited for this task?
- A medical encyclopedia
- A thesaurus
- An English dictionary
- An anatomy index
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
A dictionary provides definitions, parts of speech, pronunciations, and etymology (word origins). A thesaurus (Choice B) provides synonyms, while a medical encyclopedia (Choice A) provides in-depth articles on medical topics but rarely focuses on grammatical parts of speech or linguistic origins.
Math
26. Question (Challenging)
Order the following values from least to greatest: 3/8, 0.35, 2/5, 33%.
- 33%, 0.35, 3/8, 2/5
- 33%, 3/8, 0.35, 2/5
- 0.35, 33%, 3/8, 2/5
- 2/5, 3/8, 0.35, 33%
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Convert all values to decimals to easily compare them: 3/8 = 0.375, 0.35 = 0.350, 2/5 = 0.400, and 33% = 0.330. Ordered from least to greatest, the decimals are 0.330, 0.350, 0.375, 0.400, which correspond to 33%, 0.35, 3/8, 2/5. Distractor B reverses the order of 0.35 and 3/8.
27. Question
Following a dietary intervention, a patient’s total cholesterol dropped from 240 mg/dL to 192 mg/dL. What is the percentage decrease in the patient’s cholesterol?
- 15%
- 20%
- 25%
- 48%
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
First, find the absolute decrease: 240 – 192 = 48. Next, divide the decrease by the original amount: 48 / 240 = 0.20, which is 20%. Distractor D is the raw numerical decrease (48 mg/dL) rather than the requested percentage.
28. Question
A medical courier travels 210 miles in 3.5 hours to deliver a transplant organ. Maintaining the same average rate of speed, how far will the courier travel in 5 hours?
- 270 miles
- 300 miles
- 315 miles
- 350 miles
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
First, find the average speed (rate) by dividing distance by time: 210 / 3.5 = 60 miles per hour. Then, use the rate to find the new distance: Distance = Rate × Time, so 60 × 5 = 300 miles. Distractor C represents a mental math slip where the student might multiply 60 by a slightly higher decimal.
29. Question
A doctor prescribes 250 mg of a medication. The medication is available in a liquid suspension of 100 mg per 5 mL. How many mL should the nurse administer?
- 10.5 mL
- 15.0 mL
- 20.5 mL
- 12.5 mL
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
Set up a proportion: 100 mg / 5 mL = 250 mg / x mL. Cross-multiply to get 100x = 1250, then divide by 100 to find x = 12.5 mL. Distractor B might tempt a student who attempts to estimate the dosage by improperly adding rather than using a proportional ratio.
30. Question
A patient’s surgical incision measures 4.5 centimeters in length. What is the length of the incision in millimeters?
- 0.045 mm
- 0.45 mm
- 450 mm
- 45 mm
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
There are 10 millimeters in 1 centimeter. To convert centimeters to millimeters, multiply by 10. 4.5 × 10 = 45 mm. Distractor B represents a common error of dividing by 10 instead of multiplying, confusing the direction of the metric conversion.
31. Question
A medication bottle contains 4 red pills, 5 blue pills, 6 green pills, and 5 yellow pills. If a patient draws one pill at random, what is the probability of selecting a green pill?
- 20%
- 25%
- 40%
- 30%
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
First, find the total number of pills: 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 = 20. The probability of drawing a green pill is the number of green pills divided by the total: 6 / 20. This simplifies to 3/10 or 30%. Distractor B is the probability of selecting either a blue or a yellow pill (5/20).
32. Question
A medical assistant folds a triangular bandage for a sling. If the base of the triangular fabric is 14 inches and the height is 8 inches, what is the total area of the fabric?
- 22 sq inches
- 56 sq inches
- 112 sq inches
- 224 sq inches
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The area of a triangle is found using the formula A = 1/2 × base × height. A = 1/2 × 14 × 8 = 7 × 8 = 56 square inches. Distractor C is the result of simply multiplying the base by the height (14 × 8) without halving the product.
33. Question
A nurse records the following resting heart rates (in beats per minute) for six patients: 72, 84, 68, 92, 78, 88. What is the median heart rate of this group?
- 78 bpm
- 80 bpm
- 81 bpm
- 84 bpm
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
To find the median, arrange the numbers in order: 68, 72, 78, 84, 88, 92. Because there is an even number of values, average the two middle numbers (78 and 84): (78 + 84) / 2 = 162 / 2 = 81. Distractors A and D are tempting if the student simply picks one of the middle numbers without averaging them.
34. Question
Which of the following algebraic equations correctly translates the phrase: “Five less than three times a number is equal to sixteen”?
- 5 – 3x = 16
- 3(x – 5) = 16
- 5x – 3 = 16
- 3x – 5 = 16
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
“Three times a number” is written as 3x. “Five less than” means you subtract 5 from that amount, giving 3x – 5. The phrase “is equal to sixteen” completes it as 3x – 5 = 16. Distractor A is a frequent error caused by translating the words strictly left-to-right rather than recognizing that “less than” indicates a subtraction from the primary term.
35. Question
Convert 72.5% to a decimal.
- 72.5
- 7.25
- 0.725
- 0.0725
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
To convert a percentage to a decimal, drop the percent sign and move the decimal point two places to the left, which gives 0.725. Distractor B might tempt a student who incorrectly moves the decimal point only one place.
36. Question (Challenging)
A physician orders 1,000 mL of an IV fluid to be administered over 8 hours. The IV tubing has a drop factor of 15 drops/mL. What is the correct drip rate in drops per minute? (Round to the nearest whole number).
- 21 drops/min
- 31 drops/min
- 42 drops/min
- 125 drops/min
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
First, find the mL per hour: 1000 mL / 8 hours = 125 mL/hour. Next, convert this to mL per minute: 125 / 60 ≈ 2.0833 mL/min. Multiply by the drop factor: 2.0833 × 15 = 31.25, which rounds to 31 drops/min. Distractor D is the rate in mL per hour, completely omitting the conversion to drops per minute.
37. Question (Challenging)
A liquid medicine compounding tank is currently 2/3 full. After exactly 400 liters are removed, the tank is found to be 1/4 full. What is the total capacity of the tank when completely full?
- 800 liters
- 960 liters
- 1,200 liters
- 1,600 liters
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Set up the equation: (2/3)x – 400 = (1/4)x. Rearrange to get (2/3)x – (1/4)x = 400. Find a common denominator (12): (8/12)x – (3/12)x = 400, which simplifies to (5/12)x = 400. Multiply both sides by 12/5: x = 400 × 12 / 5 = 960 liters. Distractor C represents a computational error that often happens if a student mismanages the cross-multiplication step.
38. Question
Over a 12-hour shift, a patient consumes 8 ounces of apple juice, 12 ounces of water, and 4 ounces of chicken broth. What is the patient’s total fluid intake in milliliters? (1 ounce = 30 milliliters)
- 24 mL
- 480 mL
- 720 mL
- 960 mL
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
First, find the total ounces consumed: 8 + 12 + 4 = 24 ounces. Then, convert to milliliters by multiplying by 30: 24 × 30 = 720 mL. Distractor A represents the total in ounces without completing the required conversion to milliliters.
39. Question
A nursing student purchases 4 sets of scrubs for $28.50 each and a stethoscope for $85.00. If a local sales tax of 8% is applied to the entire purchase, what is the total cost?
- $199.00
- $214.92
- $228.00
- $286.08
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
First, calculate the subtotal: (4 × $28.50) + $85.00 = $114.00 + $85.00 = $199.00. Then, calculate the tax: $199.00 × 0.08 = $15.92. Add the tax to the subtotal: $199.00 + $15.92 = $214.92. Distractor A is the pre-tax total, tempting students who forget the final step.
40. Question
A patient in a weight management program lost 2 1/4 pounds in the first week, lost 1 1/2 pounds in the second week, and gained 3/4 of a pound in the third week. What is the patient’s net weight change over the three weeks?
- Lost 3 lbs
- Lost 4 1/2 lbs
- Gained 3 lbs
- Lost 3 1/4 lbs
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Convert the changes to negative and positive values or decimals: -2.25 (week 1), -1.50 (week 2), +0.75 (week 3). Combining these yields -3.75 + 0.75 = -3.0. The net change is a 3-pound loss. Distractor B is the result of improperly adding all three values without accounting for the weight gain.
41. Question (Challenging)
A hospital stores liquid oxygen in a cylindrical tank. The tank has a radius of 3 meters and a height of 5 meters. Using the formula V = πr²h and 3.14 for π, what is the approximate volume of the tank?
- 47.1 cubic meters
- 94.2 cubic meters
- 141.3 cubic meters
- 282.6 cubic meters
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Substitute the given values into the formula: V = 3.14 × (3)² × 5 = 3.14 × 9 × 5 = 3.14 × 45 = 141.3 cubic meters. Distractor A occurs if a student multiplies the radius by 2 instead of squaring it (3.14 × 3 × 5 = 47.1).
42. Question
Solve the equation for x: x – 18 = 45
- 27
- 53
- 63
- 73
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
To isolate x, add 18 to both sides of the equation. 45 + 18 = 63. Distractor A is tempting if a student incorrectly subtracts 18 from 45 instead of adding it.
43. Question
A patient weighs 80 kilograms. What is the patient’s approximate weight in pounds? (1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds)
- 36.4 lbs
- 154.2 lbs
- 176.0 lbs
- 180.5 lbs
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
To convert kilograms to pounds, multiply the weight in kilograms by 2.2. Calculating 80 × 2.2 yields 176.0 pounds. Distractor A is a common mistake that results from dividing instead of multiplying by 2.2.
44. Question
In a particular hospital, the ratio of registered nurses to nursing assistants is 3:2. If there are currently 45 registered nurses on staff, how many nursing assistants are there?
- 20
- 30
- 45
- 60
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Set up the proportion RNs/NAs = 3/2. Substitute the known value for RNs: 45 / x = 3 / 2. Cross-multiplying gives 3x = 90, so x = 30. Distractor D represents a calculation error where 45 is multiplied by the ratio incorrectly, rather than solved proportionally.
45. Question
A clinic tracks patient visits by department. According to the data, 30% of the 120 total daily patients visited Pediatrics, 45% visited General Practice, and the remaining patients visited Cardiology. How many patients visited the Cardiology department?
- 25
- 30
- 36
- 54
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
First, find the percentage of Cardiology patients: 100% – (30% + 45%) = 25%. Then, calculate 25% of 120: 0.25 × 120 = 30 patients. Distractor A is the percentage of Cardiology patients, which students might quickly pick without completing the calculation for the actual number of patients.
46. Question
A patient’s systolic blood pressure is checked five times over a weekend, yielding the following readings: 118, 124, 112, 136, 120. What is the range of these readings?
- 24
- 112
- 122
- 136
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
The range of a data set is the difference between the highest and lowest values. The highest reading is 136, and the lowest is 112. Subtracting 112 from 136 equals 24. Distractor C is the mean (average) of the data set, which tests a different statistical concept.
47. Question (Challenging)
Solve for x: 3(x – 4) + 2 = 5x – 6
- x = 4
- x = 2
- x = -8
- x = -2
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
First, distribute the 3: 3x – 12 + 2 = 5x – 6. Combine like terms: 3x – 10 = 5x – 6. Subtract 3x from both sides: -10 = 2x – 6. Add 6 to both sides: -4 = 2x, which simplifies to x = -2. Distractor B is a frequent error if a student mismanages negative signs during subtraction.
48. Question
To raise money for charity, a nursing program sponsors a 10-kilometer run. Approximately how many miles is this race? (1 mile = 1.61 kilometers)
- 6.2 miles
- 10.0 miles
- 11.6 miles
- 16.1 miles
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
To convert kilometers to miles, divide the number of kilometers by the conversion factor 1.61. 10 / 1.61 ≈ 6.21 miles. Distractor D occurs if the student incorrectly multiplies 10 by 1.61 instead of dividing.
49. Question
A physical therapist is taping off a rectangular exercise area that measures 12 feet wide by 15 feet long. What is the perimeter of the exercise area?
- 27 ft
- 180 ft
- 360 ft
- 54 ft
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
The perimeter of a rectangle is calculated using the formula P = 2L + 2W. Therefore, P = 2(15) + 2(12) = 30 + 24 = 54 feet. Distractor B is the area (12 × 15), which students commonly confuse when calculating perimeter.
50. Question
A patient is prescribed 1.5 grams of a medication daily. Over the course of the day, they have already received two doses: one of 0.75 grams and another of 0.3 grams. How many grams remain to be administered to complete the daily order?
- 0.45 grams
- 0.55 grams
- 1.05 grams
- 1.45 grams
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
First, add the doses already administered: 0.75 + 0.3 = 1.05 grams. Then, subtract this amount from the total prescribed amount: 1.5 – 1.05 = 0.45 grams remaining. Distractor B is a common subtraction error when a student fails to properly borrow across the decimal point.
Science
51. Question
A researcher notes that plant growth increases as the amount of daily sunlight increases, up to 10 hours a day. Beyond 10 hours, the growth rate begins to rapidly decline. Which of the following is a logical conclusion based solely on these observations?
- Plants do not require sunlight to grow effectively.
- 10 hours of sunlight is the optimal daily duration for the growth of this plant.
- Plants will inevitably die if they receive more than 10 hours of sunlight.
- Sunlight is the only environmental factor that affects plant growth.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The data directly shows that growth peaks at 10 hours, making it the optimal amount. Option C is a strong distractor, but it represents an extreme overgeneralization; the data shows growth declines after 10 hours, but it does not definitively prove the plant will die.
52. Question
In an experiment investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, which of the following represents the independent variable?
- The amount of product formed
- The temperature of the environment
- The concentration of the enzyme
- The pH of the solution
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The independent variable is the factor that the experimenter intentionally changes or controls, which in this case is the temperature. The amount of product formed is a tempting distractor, but that is the dependent variable because it changes in response to the temperature.
53. Question (Challenging)
A sequence of a DNA template strand is 3′-TAC GGA CTC-5′. What will be the exact sequence of the corresponding mRNA molecule produced during transcription?
- 5′-ATG CCT GAG-3′
- 5′-AUG CCU GAG-3′
- 3′-AUG CCU GAG-5′
- 5′-UAC GGA CUC-3′
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
mRNA is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction, reading the template strand 3′ to 5′. Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine, resulting in 5′-AUG CCU GAG-3′. Option A is a strong distractor because it represents the complementary DNA strand rather than the transcribed RNA strand.
54. Question
Which nutrient requires bile for proper digestion and absorption?
- Protein
- Fat
- Vitamin C
- Iron
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Bile helps emulsify fats, breaking them into smaller droplets that are easier to digest and absorb. Bile is also necessary to break down fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. Vitamin C is a tempting distractor if a student misidentifies which vitamins require bile for digestion and absorption.
55. Question
Which of the following specific structures within the nephron is primarily responsible for the initial filtration of blood?
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Glomerulus
- Collecting duct
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries where high blood pressure forces water and solutes out of the blood and into Bowman’s capsule, beginning urine formation. The proximal convoluted tubule is a tempting distractor, but its primary role is the reabsorption of water and nutrients, not the initial filtration.
56. Question
Which organelle helps break down waste and damaged cell parts?
- Lysosome
- Ribosome
- Nucleus
- Centriole
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, damaged cell parts, and foreign substances within the cell. They act as the cell’s “cleanup crew,” helping maintain cell health and function. Students may confuse ribosomes with lysosomes, but ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
57. Question
An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 10 electrons. What is the overall net charge of this ion?
- +2
- 0
- -2
- -10
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Protons carry a +1 charge and electrons carry a -1 charge. With 8 protons (+8) and 10 electrons (-10), the net charge is -2. The distractor -10 is tempting if a student incorrectly assumes the overall charge is based entirely on the total number of electrons present.
58. Question
Which of the following types of immune cells is directly responsible for producing antibodies in response to a specific antigen?
- T-cells
- Macrophages
- B-cells
- Neutrophils
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
B-cells (B lymphocytes) are part of the adaptive immune system and differentiate into plasma cells to produce and secrete antibodies. T-cells are a common distractor because they are also vital to adaptive immunity, but they destroy infected cells directly or help coordinate the response rather than producing antibodies.
59. Question (Challenging)
A public health study shows a strong positive correlation between daily ice cream sales and the number of drowning incidents at a local beach. Which of the following is the most scientifically sound interpretation of this data?
- Consuming ice cream causes severe muscle cramps, leading directly to drowning.
- Witnessing drowning incidents causes an increase in psychological demand for ice cream.
- A third variable likely causes increases in both ice cream sales and swimming.
- The correlation is a statistical error and cannot be logically explained by external variables.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Correlation does not equal causation; a third confounding variable, such as heat, likely increases both ice cream consumption and the likelihood that people swim (and potentially drown). Options A and B are strong distractors because they incorrectly assume a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the two correlated variables.
60. Question
Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?
- Glucagon
- Insulin
- Cortisol
- Epinephrine
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose. Glucagon is a highly plausible distractor because it is also produced by the pancreas, but its function is the exact opposite—to raise blood glucose levels.
61. Question
Which of the following best describes a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?
- Mitosis produces haploid cells, while meiosis produces diploid cells.
- Mitosis involves two cell divisions, while meiosis involves only one.
- Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically distinct cells.
- Mitosis occurs only in reproductive organs, while meiosis occurs in somatic cells.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells for growth and repair, while meiosis includes crossing over and independent assortment to produce four unique haploid gametes. Option A is a strong distractor, but it inversely states the facts, as mitosis produces diploid cells and meiosis produces haploid cells.
62. Question
Which of the following bones is classified as part of the appendicular skeleton?
- Skull
- Sternum
- Femur
- Vertebra
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The femur is a bone of the lower limb, making it part of the appendicular skeleton, which includes the appendages and their girdles. The skull, sternum, and vertebrae are common distractors, but they form the central axis of the body, known as the axial skeleton.
63. Question (Challenging)
During the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, which of the following events directly requires the binding of ATP?
- The release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- The attachment of myosin heads to the exposed sites on actin filaments.
- The detachment of the myosin head from the actin filament.
- The uncovering of binding sites on the actin filament by troponin.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
ATP must bind to the myosin head to cause it to detach from the actin filament, breaking the cross-bridge. Option B is an extremely tempting distractor, but the actual binding to actin is driven by the release of stored energy from previous ATP hydrolysis, not the new binding of an ATP molecule.
64. Question
The process by which a substance changes directly from a solid state to a gaseous state without passing through the liquid phase is known as:
- Evaporation
- Condensation
- Sublimation
- Melting
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Sublimation is the direct phase transition from a solid to a gas, such as dry ice turning into carbon dioxide gas. Evaporation is a common distractor, but it specifically describes the transition from a liquid to a gas.
65. Question
A sample of gastric fluid has a pH of 2. Which of the following best describes this fluid?
- It is weakly basic and contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
- It is strongly acidic and contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
- It is neutral and contains equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
- It is strongly basic and contains no hydrogen ions.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
On the pH scale (0-14), a pH of 2 is far below 7, making it a strong acid characterized by a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Option A is a tempting distractor if a student forgets the scale direction and incorrectly assumes that a lower number indicates a basic solution.
66. Question
Which blood vessel contains valves that help prevent blood from flowing backward as it returns to the heart?
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
- Alveoli
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Veins rely on one-way valves that help keep blood moving toward the heart and prevent backflow. Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure and do not require valves. Capillaries are tiny exchange vessels, and alveoli are structures in the lungs involved in gas exchange.
67. Question (Challenging)
A human red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic salt solution. Which of the following accurately describes the most likely physiological outcome and the mechanism driving it?
- The cell will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell by active transport.
- The cell will shrink and crenate due to water moving out of the cell by osmosis.
- The cell will not change because salts will rapidly diffuse into the cell to balance the gradient.
- The cell will shrink due to salt leaving the cell through facilitated diffusion.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell’s interior, causing water to move out of the cell via osmosis to equalize the concentration, leading to shrinkage (crenation). Option A is a tempting distractor, but it incorrectly describes the effects of a hypotonic solution rather than a hypertonic one.
68. Question
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. They are composed primarily of which of the following macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Enzymes are folded chains of amino acids, which classify them as proteins. Nucleic acids are a tempting distractor because they hold the genetic code to build enzymes, but they do not form the physical structure of the enzymes themselves.
69. Question
Where does the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell typically occur in the human female reproductive system?
- Ovary
- Uterus
- Fallopian tube
- Cervix
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla, the widest part of the Fallopian tube, before the fertilized egg travels to the uterus. The uterus is a highly common distractor, but it is the site of implantation and fetal development, not the site of fertilization.
70. Question
Which substance is most important for helping muscles and nerves send electrical signals?
- Calcium
- Potassium
- Iron
- Glucose
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Potassium plays a major role in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, including the heartbeat. Iron helps carry oxygen, and glucose provides energy. Calcium also assists with nerve transmission and muscle contraction, but its main role is supporting the health of bones and teeth.
71. Question
Which of the following types of chemical bonds involves the sharing of a pair of electrons between two nonmetal atoms?
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
- Hydrogen bond
- Metallic bond
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. An ionic bond is a very common distractor, but it involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, rather than sharing.
72. Question
If a pea plant is heterozygous for seed color (Yy), where yellow (Y) is dominant over green (y), what is the probability that its offspring will have green seeds when crossed with another heterozygous (Yy) plant?
- 25%
- 50%
- 75%
- 100%
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
A Punnett square of two heterozygotes (Yy x Yy) yields one YY, two Yy, and one yy. Since “yy” is the only genotype that results in the recessive green phenotype, there is a 1 in 4, or 25%, chance. 50% is a common distractor for students who confuse a heterozygous cross with a test cross (Yy x yy).
73. Question
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movements and maintaining posture and balance?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Medulla oblongata
- Hypothalamus
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The cerebellum is situated at the back of the brain and specializes in fine-tuning motor activity, balance, and coordination. The cerebrum is a tempting distractor because it initiates voluntary movement, but the cerebellum is required to coordinate and smooth out those movements.
74. Question
To accurately test the effectiveness of a new blood pressure medication, a clinical trial must include a control group. What is the primary purpose of this control group?
- To provide a baseline to compare against the group receiving the experimental medication.
- To ensure that all participants eventually receive the beneficial new medication.
- To increase the overall sample size of the experiment to make the data look more reliable.
- To test the effects of multiple different medications simultaneously.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
A control group receives a placebo or standard treatment, providing a baseline to determine if the changes in the experimental group are actually due to the new medication. Option C is a tempting distractor, but while sample size is important, the defining purpose of a control group is comparison, not just adding numbers.
75. Question (Challenging)
In an exothermic, reversible chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium, what will be the immediate effect of increasing the temperature of the system?
- The reaction will shift to the right to produce more products.
- The reaction will shift to the left to produce more reactants.
- The equilibrium constant will remain completely unchanged.
- The rate of the forward reaction will permanently increase relative to the reverse.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction (where heat is a product) causes the system to shift left to absorb the excess heat, favoring reactants. Option A is a common distractor, but it describes the behavior of an endothermic reaction upon heating, not an exothermic one.
English & Language Usage
76. Question
Which of the following sentences is most appropriate for a formal academic research paper?
- The results of the clinical study totally blew our minds.
- The data suggests a significant correlation between adequate sleep and rapid recovery.
- You can see that sleep helps the patients get better much faster than normal.
- It’s super obvious that resting is a great thing for healing wounds.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Formal academic tone requires objective, precise language and avoids slang, idioms, and second-person pronouns. Choice B uses professional, objective terminology (“data suggests,” “significant correlation”). The other choices use informal phrasing like “blew our minds,” “much faster,” and “super obvious.”
77. Question
Which of the following sentences uses an apostrophe correctly?
- The patient’s chart is currently missing from the front desk.
- The two doctor’s are in a meeting right now.
- Its time for you to take your afternoon medication.
- The syringes are stored in those box’s over there.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Choice A correctly uses an apostrophe to show singular possession (the chart belonging to the patient). Choice B incorrectly uses an apostrophe for a simple plural (doctors). Choice C incorrectly omits the apostrophe for the contraction of “it is” (It’s). Choice D incorrectly uses an apostrophe for a plural noun (boxes).
78. Question
The nursing committee, along with the hospital administrators, _______ to implement the new triage protocol by next month.
- plans
- plan
- are planning
- have planned
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
The subject of the sentence is “committee,” which is a singular collective noun. The phrase “along with the hospital administrators” is an intervening phrase that does not change the singular number of the subject, making “plans” the only grammatically correct choice. Students might be tempted to choose “plan” or “are planning” if they mistakenly match the verb to the plural noun “administrators.”
79. Question
Fill in the blanks with the correct words:
The loud noise _______ the patient’s ability to sleep, resulting in a negative _______ on his recovery.
- effected; affect
- affected; effect
- affected; affect
- effected; effect
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
“Affected” is a verb meaning “to influence,” while “effect” is a noun meaning “a result or outcome.” In the first blank, an action verb is needed (affected); in the second, a noun is needed (effect). Students frequently swap these definitions, making choices A and C very plausible distractors.
80. Question
Which of the following correctly joins the two independent clauses: “The new vaccine is highly effective.” “It must be stored at very low temperatures.”
- The new vaccine is highly effective, it must be stored at very low temperatures.
- The new vaccine is highly effective but it must be stored at very low temperatures.
- The new vaccine is highly effective; however, it must be stored at very low temperatures.
- The new vaccine is highly effective because it must be stored at very low temperatures.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Choice C correctly uses a semicolon, a conjunctive adverb (“however”), and a comma to join two related independent clauses showing contrast. Choice A is a comma splice. Choice B is missing a comma before the coordinating conjunction “but.” Choice D turns the second clause into a cause, which changes the logical meaning.
81. Question
Which of the following words is spelled correctly?
- Accomodate
- Ocurrence
- Privilege
- Embarass
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
“Privilege” is correctly spelled with two “i”s and two “e”s. Choice A is missing an “m” (accommodate), Choice B is missing an “c” (occurrence), and Choice D is missing an “r” (embarrass). These are highly common spelling pitfalls, making the distractors particularly tempting.
82. Question
Read the following sentence:
“Although the overnight shift was grueling, the medical staff remained highly focused.” What type of sentence structure is used here?
- Simple
- Compound
- Complex
- Compound-complex
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
A complex sentence contains one independent clause (“the medical staff remained highly focused”) and at least one dependent clause (“Although the overnight shift was grueling”). Students might guess “compound” if they see the comma, but a compound sentence requires two independent clauses.
83. Question (Challenging)
Which of the following sentences is the most clear and concise?
- In my own personal opinion, I think the new uniform policy is a good one.
- Due to the fact that it was raining, the outdoor wellness event was postponed.
- The hospital implemented the new protocol to improve patient safety.
- At this point in time, we are currently out of stock of that specific medication.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Choice C expresses the thought directly without redundant words. Choice A contains redundancies (“In my own personal opinion, I think”). Choice B uses the wordy phrase “Due to the fact that” instead of “Because.” Choice D uses redundant phrases “At this point in time” and “currently.”
84. Question (Challenging)
Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?
- Exhausted after the 12-hour shift, the bed felt incredibly comfortable to the nurse.
- Exhausted after the 12-hour shift, the nurse found the bed incredibly comfortable.
- The nurse, exhausted after the 12-hour shift, quickly fell asleep.
- After a 12-hour shift, the nurse was exhausted and went straight to bed.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
A dangling modifier occurs when the phrase describing something does not logically attach to the noun immediately following it. In Choice A, “Exhausted after the 12-hour shift” technically modifies “the bed,” implying the bed was exhausted, which is illogical. Students might choose this if they fail to check what noun directly follows the introductory comma.
85. Question
Which of the following sentences contains an ambiguous pronoun reference?
- The doctor prescribed antibiotics for the severe bacterial infection.
- When the nurse spoke to the patient, she smiled.
- After the surgery, the patient felt much better.
- The administrator reviewed the budget and approved it immediately.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Ambiguous pronoun reference occurs when it is unclear which noun a pronoun is replacing. In Choice B, “she” could refer to either the nurse or the patient, making the sentence unclear. The other choices use pronouns with clear antecedents or avoid ambiguity.
86. Question
Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?
- Dr. Smith who is the head of pediatrics, will speak at the seminar.
- Dr. Smith, who is the head of pediatrics, will speak at the seminar.
- Dr. Smith, who is the head of pediatrics will speak at the seminar.
- Dr. Smith who is the head of pediatrics will speak, at the seminar.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The phrase “who is the head of pediatrics” is a non-restrictive clause, meaning it adds extra information but is not essential to identifying Dr. Smith. Non-restrictive clauses must be set off by commas on both sides. Students might be tempted by A or C if they forget that a pair of commas is required to enclose the appositive phrase.
87. Question
Which word provides the most formal and precise replacement for the phrase between the asterisks in “The broad-spectrum antibiotics are expected to *wipe out* the infection.”
- fix
- eradicate
- finish
- crush
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
“Eradicate” is a formal, precise, and academically appropriate verb meaning to destroy completely. “Wipe out” is too informal or colloquial for a medical report. “Fix,” “finish,” and “crush” are either too conversational or lack the specific medical accuracy of “eradicate.”
88. Question
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
- Because the power went out during the severe thunderstorm.
- Running quickly through the hospital corridors to grab the crash cart.
- The new resident physician arrived.
- To prepare for the upcoming cardiovascular surgical procedure.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
A complete sentence requires a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought. Choice C contains the subject “physician” and the verb “arrived” and stands alone logically. Choices A, B, and D are dependent clauses or phrases lacking either a main subject, a main verb, or a complete thought.
89. Question (Challenging)
Which of the following sentences uses a semicolon correctly?
- The night shift was incredibly long; because we had multiple emergency admissions.
- The supply room needs to be restocked with; bandages, syringes, and gauze.
- The medication must be taken with food; otherwise, it may cause severe nausea.
- I am studying for my anatomy exams; which are scheduled for next week.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
A semicolon is used correctly here to join two independent clauses connected by the conjunctive adverb “otherwise.” Choices A and D incorrectly use a semicolon before a dependent clause. Choice B incorrectly uses a semicolon to introduce a list, which should either use a colon or no punctuation at all.
90. Question (Challenging)
Which of the following words is spelled correctly, adhering to the traditional “i before e” rule and its exceptions?
- Conceive
- Nieghbor
- Wierd
- Acheive
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
“Conceive” follows the rule “i before e, except after c.” Choice D is incorrect because it should be “achieve” (i before e). Choices B and C are spelled incorrectly; “neighbor” is an exception because it makes an “ay” sound, and “weird” is an irregular exception.
91. Question
Which of the following sentences demonstrates correct parallel structure?
- The therapist instructed the patient to stretch, ice the joint, and taking ibuprofen.
- The doctor enjoys playing tennis, reading medical journals, and to cook.
- A good nurse must be observant, compassionate, and communicate effectively.
- The clinic’s goals are to provide care, to educate the community, and to promote wellness.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
Parallel structure requires all items in a list or series to follow the same grammatical format. Choice D consistently uses infinitive phrases (“to provide,” “to educate,” “to promote”). Choice A mixes verbs and a gerund. Choice B mixes gerunds and an infinitive. Choice C mixes adjectives and a verb phrase.
92. Question (Challenging)
The collection of rare medical books, including several first editions by famous anatomists, _______ recently donated to the university library.
- was
- were
- have been
- are
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
The subject of the sentence is “collection,” which is singular. The phrase “of rare medical books, including several first editions by famous anatomists” is a prepositional phrase that separates the subject from the verb. Since the subject is singular, the singular verb “was” must be used. Distractors B, C, and D are plural verbs that mistakenly agree with the nouns closer to the verb (“books” or “anatomists”).
93. Question
Read the following sentence:
“The pernicious effects of the disease were not immediately evident, but over time, the patient’s condition rapidly declined.” Based on the context, what is the meaning of the word “pernicious”?
- Beneficial
- Subtle
- Destructive
- Predictable
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The context clues “condition rapidly declined” and “effects of the disease” indicate a negative, harmful impact. Therefore, “destructive” or “harmful” is the best definition for “pernicious.” “Subtle” is a tempting distractor because the effects “were not immediately evident,” but “subtle” does not capture the severe decline described in the sentence.
94. Question
Which of the following sentences maintains consistent and correct verb tenses?
- The surgeon scrubs in, puts on her gloves, and began the operation.
- After the patient wakes up, the nurse checked his vital signs.
- The ambulance arrived quickly and transported the victim to the hospital.
- I will study for the anatomy exam tonight and passed with flying colors.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Choice C correctly maintains the past tense (“arrived” and “transported”) throughout the sentence. Choice A shifts from present to past (“scrubs/puts” to “began”). Choice B shifts from present to past (“wakes” to “checked”). Choice D shifts from future to past (“will study” to “passed”). Inconsistent tenses confuse the timeline of events.
95. Question
Based on your knowledge of word parts, what is the most likely meaning of the word “tachycardia”?
- An irregular heartbeat
- A slow heartbeat
- A fast heartbeat
- An absence of a heartbeat
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The prefix “tachy-” means rapid or fast, and the root “cardia” refers to the heart. Therefore, tachycardia is a rapid heart rate. “Brady-” is the prefix for slow (bradycardia), making Choice B a very common distractor for students who confuse the two prefixes.
96. Question
Which of the following sentences contains a capitalization error?
- She enrolled in Biology 101 for the fall semester.
- We crossed the Golden Gate Bridge on Tuesday.
- My uncle, Doctor Adams, works at the community clinic.
- We traveled South for three hours to reach the coastal hospital.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
The word “South” is used here as a compass direction and should be lowercase (“south”). Capitalization of compass points is only correct when they refer to a specific geographical region (e.g., “living in the South”). Students might miss this because they are used to seeing compass directions capitalized in addresses or regions.
97. Question
Read the following sentence:
“The patient complained of severe abdominal pain. _______, the physician ordered an immediate CT scan.” Which transition word best fills in the blank to maintain logical flow?
- However
- Consequently
- Nevertheless
- Furthermore
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
The second sentence represents a direct result or action taken because of the fact stated in the first sentence. “Consequently” shows cause and effect. “However” and “Nevertheless” show contrast, while “Furthermore” adds information without showing a direct result.
98. Question
Which of the following sentences correctly uses pronoun-antecedent agreement?
- A patient should always bring their insurance card.
- Every nurse must submit her timesheet by Friday.
- The hospital board reached its decision unanimously.
- Both of the surgeons left his coat in the lounge.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The pronoun “its” correctly agrees with the singular collective noun “board.” Choice A uses a plural pronoun (“their”) for a singular antecedent (“patient”). Choice B makes an assumption about gender, where “his or her” would be more grammatically correct in formal writing. Choice D uses a singular pronoun (“his”) for a plural antecedent (“Both”).
99. Question
Which of the following sentences is a comma splice?
- The fever broke, and the patient finally slept peacefully.
- The lab results are ready, we can review them right now.
- Although she was extremely tired, she completed her shift.
- Nursing is a demanding profession; it requires great dedication.
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
A comma splice is an error that occurs when two independent clauses are joined by only a comma, without a coordinating conjunction (such as “and” or “but”). Choice B connects two complete sentences with only a comma. Choice A is correct because it uses a comma and the conjunction “and.”
100. Question
The pharmacist advised the patient not to _______ the prescribed dosage without first consulting a doctor.
- alter
- altar
- allter
- alltar
Show Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
“Alter” is a verb meaning to change or adjust. “Altar” is a noun referring to a raised structure used in religious ceremonies. Choices C and D are misspellings. This is a basic test of commonly confused homophones.